Data Sheet S1. Full results of the statistical analyses of the ecogeographical clines in European Phasmatodea. Note that Bacillus rossius and Clonopsis gallica female data is presented twice: Once including the outlier specimens and once without. Metrics dependent variables are in mm or factors thereof sq. Significance statistics p -values are based on an F -test of the regression models for the R 2 values also given for the slopes of the single linear regression , and based on an ANOVA of the results of the multiple linear regression given with the slopes of the independent variables.
For correspondence analysis, the Pearson's r or Spearman's rho rank correlation coefficient with slope is given with a symbol for the statistical significance as calculated with the rcorr program. Table S1. Museum collection codes used in supplementary tables. Table S2. Raw data for endemic European and Mediterranean Phasmatodea in European museum collections.
Museum collection codes in Table S1. Localities based on [translations of] the locality labels of each specimen. Date is the date of collection according to the label. Table S3. Raw data for reared and wild-caught Carausius morosus in European museum collections.
Abouheif, E. A comparative analysis of allometry for sexual size dimorphism: assessing Rensch's rule. Alho, J. Allen's rule revisited: quantitative genetics of extremity length in the common frog along a latitudinal gradient J.
Allen, J. The influence of physical conditions in the genesis of species. Angilletta, M. The temperature-size rule in ectotherms: simple evolutionary explanations may not be general. Temperature, growth rate, and body size in ectotherms: fitting pieces of a life-history puzzle. Ashby, P. Conservation of mass-specific metabolic rate among high-and low-elevation populations of the acridid grasshopper Xanthippus corallipes. Ashton, K. Sensitivity of intraspecific latitudinal clines of body size for tetrapods to sampling, latitude and body size.
Bergmann's rule in nonavian reptiles: turtles follow it, lizards and snakes reverse it. Evolution 57, — Bergmann, K. Gottinger Stud. Google Scholar. Blackburn, T. Geographic gradients in body size: a clarification of Bergmann's rule. Blanckenhorn, W. Effects of temperature on cell size and number in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria. Borges, P. New records of exotic spiders and insects to the Azores, and new data on recently introduced species. Life Mar. Boucher, S.
Effects of different diets on the survival, longevity and growth rate of the Annam stick insect, Medauroidea extradentata Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae.
Orthoptera Res. Brock, P. Stick Insects of Britain, Europe, and the Mediterranean. London: Fitzgerald Publishing. Identification of PSG Dares sp. Phasmid Study Group Newslett. CrossRef Full Text. Geist, V. Bergmann's rule is invalid. Harrell, Jr. Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. R Package Version 4. Headrick, D. Indian Walking Stick. Pest Notes , 1—3. Hijmans, R. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.
Hsiung, C. Preliminary observations on the effects of food plant on the stick insect Eurycantha calcarata Lucas Cheleutoptera: Phasmatidae. Johansson, F. Latitudinal shifts in body size of Enallagma cyathigerum Odonata. Kann, F. Karl, I. Why get big in the cold? Towards a solution of a life-history puzzle. Oecologia , — Maginnis, T. Autotomy in a stick insect Insecta: Phasmida : predation versus molting. Florida Entomol. Masaki, S. Climatic adaptation and photoperiodic response in the band-legged ground cricket.
Evolution 26, — Mayr, E. Geographical character gradients and climatic adaptation. Evolution 10, — Meiri, S. Bergmann's Rule — what's in a name? On the validity of Bergmann's rule. What determines conformity to Bergmann's rule? Mousseau, T.
Ectotherms follow the converse to Bergmann's Rule. Evolution 51, — New, M. Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part I: development of a mean monthly terrestrial climatology.
Nylin, S. Latitudinal patterns in the size of European butterflies. Oikos , — Partridge, L. Bergmann's Rule in ectotherms: is it adaptive? Purvis, A. Carel, P. Kelly, and Y. Christen Berlin: Springer-Verlag , 1— R Development Core Team Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Ray, C. The application of Bergmann's and Allen's rules to the poikilotherms. Reim, C. Size-dependent effects of temperature and food stress on energy reserves and starvation resistance in yellow dung flies. Rensch, B. Robinson, M. Dissertation, University of Oxford. Salewski, V. Bergmann's rule: a biophysiological rule examined in birds. Oikos Scali, V. Revision of the Iberian stick insect genus Leptynia Pantel and description of the new genus Pijnackeria.
Shelomi, M. Where are we now? Bergmann's rule sensu lato in insects. Metaleptea 36, 22— Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Allen's rule states that endothermic animals living in colder climates have relatively shorter appendages than do closely related species in warmer climates. Issue Section:. You do not currently have access to this article. Download all slides. Sign in Don't already have an Oxford Academic account?
You could not be signed in. Sign In Forgot password? Don't have an account? American Society of Mammalogists members Sign in via society site. Sign in via your Institution Sign in. Purchase Subscription prices and ordering for this journal Short-term Access To purchase short term access, please sign in to your Oxford Academic account above.
This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. View Metrics. Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. In a nutshell, it simply means there is a ratio between body surface to body mass. For example, Fur or Tutsi people of Africa release body heat more readily because their ratio is high.
However, Eskimos and Inuit retain body heat and therefore have a lower ratio. In anthropology the contrast between the Maasai and the Inuit people is often presented as an example of Allen's rule. The Inuit people live and hunt within the Arctic Circle. The sub-zero temperatures encountered in the Arctic environment mean that heat conservation is essential. A short, squat body shape will help retain body heat. The Maasai people live primarily in Kenya and north Tanzania.
The equatorial temperatures in this environment mean that heat loss is highly beneficial. A tall, long, body shape will help get rid of body heat. It is important to remember that exposure of exterior surface area is only one of many mechanisms by which humans retain or dispose of body heat. The following mechanisms are also very important:. Joel Asaph Allen. Category : Physiology.
Read what you need to know about our industry portal bionity.
0コメント