Solution Chem. Goldberg ed. Church ed. Stewart, K. Wetzel, R. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. Wirth, H. Wodka, M. Yin, C. Young, T. Download references. Upstate Freshwater Institute, Inc. Technology Matrix Corporation, U. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Reprints and Permissions. However, excessive chloride accumulation damages the leaves of fruit trees, such as olives, walnut and citrus trees. Leaves can show burn damage due to chlorine accumulation depending on the type of trees.
The chloride concentrations of the water samples can be precisely determined by silver nitrate using a Hanna titration system HI Titration Method for the determination of chloride in water is the most accurate method for choride determination as referenced to.
Login to your account or create one right now to access to our exclusive content. Facebook Linkedin. Salinity is one of the biggest problems of water quality in coastal regions. What is the salinity effect on plants?
Salinity of irrigation water affect crop performance in several ways. Waterproof EC Tester 0. Example: SAR Type Reaction 2—8 citrus, deciduous fruits and nuts Very sensitive 8—18 Beans Sensitive 18—46 Clover, oats, rice Moderately tolerant 46— beets, lucerne, tomatoes, wheat Tolerant Phytotoxicity and effects of chloride concentration in groundwater Water quality analysis includes also the determination of chloride ions, which can be toxic to plants in high concentrations.
Titration Method for the determination of chloride in water is the most accurate method for choride determination as referenced to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 21st edition, Method. Any thoughts? Browse other posts. Next Efekat slanosti i koncentracije hlorida na upotrebljivu vodu u kultivaciji Next.
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Manage consent. However, excessive chloride accumulation damages the leaves of fruit trees, such as avocado, almond, papaya, sapote, mango, cherimoya, vitis, walnut and citrus trees. The toxic level of chlorine accumulation in leaves is not yet well defined, as leaves showing burn damage may have a lower chlorine accumulation than leaves not showing it Aceves, The degree of ion chloride restriction Cl - in irrigation water with concentrations lower than 4 meq L -1 is considered light, between 4 and 10 meq L -1 is moderate, and concentrations higher than 10 meq L -1 are considered severe.
The maximum limit is 30 meq L -1 Palacios et al. Water electrical conductivity EC is usually used as a salinity indicator. The presence of dissolved salts in water is related to the value of its EC, as they provide electrical charges interacting as ions in movement. EC can be easily measured by a conductivity meter. The chloride concentration is normally measured by silver nitrate titration AgNO 3 , although this type of analysis is more expensive and takes longer than EC measurements.
Chloride ions are the main constituents in waters and saline soils that directly affect the EC values; therefore, it is possible to find a strong correlation between EC and Cl - concentrations, as found by many authors Oteri, ; Hajrasuliha et al, ; Xu and Eckstein, ; McNeil and Cox, ; Abyaneh et al.
Hajrasuliha et al. However, Abyaneh et al. Many studies have used the Cl - concentration in the underground water to define the degree of saline intrusion. Some authors state that a threshold of chloride concentration ranging between 40 and mg L -1 is an indication of seawater invasion Edet and Okereke, Likewise, empirical relations between EC and soil and water salinity expressed in the same equation have been obtained Reluy et al.
Additionally, water electrical resistivity inverse to EC is related to the electrical resistivity of the saturated aquifer thickness Ro , which may be estimated by electrical methods of geophysical prospecting through Vertical Electrical Soundings VESs Keller and Frischknecht, The VES survey, supported by geological information, is an essential tool in hydrogeological studies, as it allows the characterization of large extensions in a short time at reasonable costs.
The high resistive contrast among the formations involved allows the unit limits to be clearly defined and the degree of pore water mineralization and layer thickness to be estimated Sosa and Palazzo, VESs and hydrochemical data have been used to examine the degree of intrusion of salt water in aquifers Edet and Okereke, ; Kouzana et al.
When the materials are not clean sands, the calculated formation factor is called the apparent formation-factor Fa. Several authors Norzagaray-Campos et al. The region is formed by a landscape composed of a smooth relief closely related to the origin and nature of the rocks' formation.
The oldest rocks composing the geological basement are made up of shales and cherts. Tuff and sandstone formations and stratified and cemented conglomerates overlie these rocks. The subsoil plain was formed by a large sediment accumulation, reaching thicknesses greater than meters in the central valley and diminishing toward the Western Sierra Madre.
The current delta plain is composed of gravel, sands, silt and clay deposited in deltas CNA, The static aquifer water level in the area varies between 0. This study aims to generate a tool for estimating the chloride concentration in the underground water of the Guasave region, Sinaloa, Mexico, using subsoil resistivity values obtainned from VES method, and the relation between the EC and the chloride concentration in the water based on the statistical analysis of the parameters obtained in wells.
A total of 1, water well samples from different locations of the Guasave municipality were used to determine the Cl- and EC concentrations. From the total analyzed samples, 66 were collected and analyzed in October , corresponding to wells for domestic use; 44 correspond to the western portion of the Sinaloa river and 12 to the eastern portion Figure 1. The water samples correspond to the aquifer formation, as they were obtained during the pumping of the wells. Twenty-nine of the VES arrays were placed near a well, contrasting the values of the subsoil resistivity with the characteristics of the aquifer water electrical conductivity and chloride concentration.
The five remaining VESs were performed at sites without wells to verify the applicability of the method. The subsoil resistivity can be obtained from field data; therefore, it is assumed that the subsoil is stratified in horizontal, homogeneous and isotropic layers in regard to the electrical resistivity Orellana, In other words, the VESs allow readings of electrical currents and voltage differences in the field. These readings are transformed into apparent electrical resistivity values, providing the true electrical resistivity of the subsoil by inverse numeric modeling methods assuming the geological medium composed of horizontal, homogeneous and isotropic layers.
The theoretical solution of this problem consists in solving the Laplace equation with boundary conditions. The data on apparent resistivity from each VES collected in the field were modeled with the program Resix-Plus version 1. The resistivity Ro of saturated thickness is obtained by modeling the processing of VES and correlating it with pore water resistivity Rw by a linear function.
Models of linear, polynomial and potential regression were used to relate the EC with the Cl - concentration. Seven 4 m-deep drills were made to colect soil samples. The subsoil samples were extracted at different depths and were subject to a drying and homogenization process to determine their texture silts, sands and clay content by the Bouyoucos method.
The lateral and vertical variation of sediment can be observed from the profile traced in the study area. When hydrochloric acid reacts with any metal in water, chloride is naturally formed.
Chloride is common in areas with limestone deposits, but is not found in most other soils, rocks, or minerals. Water pollution may be the cause of chloride found in areas where it does not naturally occur. Some sources may be from rock salt NaCl runoff. Other sources may be from septic tank effluent, animal waste, water softener regeneration, chlorinated drinking water, and potash fertilizer KCl.
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